What language group is comanche3/20/2024 ![]() ![]() The Jumano have been identified in the historic record present-day Texas. Scholars have been unable to determine what language family was spoken by the historic Jumano, but Uto-Aztecan, Tanoan, and Athabascan have been suggested. Contemporary scholars are uncertain whether the Jumano were a single people organized into discrete bands, or whether the Spanish used Jumano as a generic term to refer to several different groups, as the references spanned peoples across a large geographic area. During the last decades of the 17th century, they were noted as traders and political leaders in the Southwest. Spanish records from the 16th to the 18th centuries frequently refer to the Jumano Indians, and the French mentioned them as present in areas in eastern Texas, as well. Enigma The approximate location of Indian tribes in western Texas and adjacent Mexico, circa 1600 Variant spellings of the name attested in Spanish documents include Jumana, Xumana, Humana, Umana, Xoman, and Sumana. Hodge proposed that they had become part of the Wichita people. ![]() Scholars have generally argued that the Jumanos disappeared as a distinct people by 1750 due to infectious disease, the slave trade, and warfare, with remnants absorbed by the Apache or Comanche. The last historic reference was in a 19th-century oral history, but their population had already declined by the early 18th century. Later expeditions noted them in a broad area of the Southwest and the Southern Plains. Spanish explorers first recorded encounters with the Jumano in 1581. They lived in the Big Bend area in the mountain and basin region. Jumanos were a tribe or several tribes, who inhabited a large area of western Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico, especially near the Junta de los Rios region with its large settled Indigenous population. ![]()
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